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Malthusian trap
The Malthusian trap, named after political economist Thomas Robert Malthus, suggests that for most of human history, income was largely stagnant because technological advances and discoveries only resulted in more people, rather than improvements in the standard of living. It is only with the onset of the agricultural revolution in Britain and Holland and the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century that the income per person began to dramatically increase in some countries, and they broke out of the trap;〔 it has been shown, however, that the escape from the Malthusian trap can also generate serious political upheavals.〔 It is argued that many countries in tropical Africa still find themselves in the Malthusian trap.〔Julia Zinkina & Andrey Korotayev. (Explosive Population Growth in Tropical Africa: Crucial Omission in Development Forecasts (Emerging Risks and Way Out). ''World Futures'' 70/2 (2014): 120–139 ).〕
==Malthus' theoretical argument==
It was Thomas Malthus who first made the argument that in "every age and in every state" population increases are limited by the means of subsistence, and that when the means of subsistence increases, population will also increase, and that the population increase will be limited by "misery and vice". This pessimistic view on the impossibility of real progress was first made〔Malthus, ch VII〕 in 1798, ironically, just as the Industrial Revolution was getting underway; however, it took several decades for the industrialization to raise the living standards of lower income people in countries where it occurred.〔In the 1892 edition Engels wrote that poverty and poor living conditions he wrote about in 1844 had largely disappeared.〕
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